LINK [1] Kofi A. Annan, “Making Globalization Work for the Poor,” The Independent, Dec. 12, 2000.

LINK [2] Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978, pp. 117-155.

LINK [3] Frederick Hartman in “The Relations of Nations” suggests six elements: demography, geography, economy, historical-psychology, and organizational-administration. Werner J. Feld in “International relations: Transnational Approach” finds seven elements: geography, population, economic development, science and technology, traditions and social psychology, government and administration, and military organization.

LINK [4] J. A. Hart classifies three different ways of empirically observing power. They are power as a resource, power as a relationship, and power as a structure. He points out that potential power measured in terms of control over a resource can be converted in some manner into actual power which is control over others or over outcomes. (‘ISDN and Power’ p. 8, Discussion Paper 7, Center for Global Business, the Business School of Indiana University)

LINK [5] International Herald Tribune reports China’s recent censorship. (June 28, 2004)

LINK [6] James N. Rosenau pointed out “the primary threat of the internet is the way that it facilitates new nontraditional forms of warfare and violence, particularly from non-state actors and terrorists” in his book, Information Technologies and Global politics, State University of New York Press, 2002.

LINK [7] President George W. Bush, State of the Union, Jan. 28, 2003. He mentioned terrorism in his remarks: “All told, more than 3,000 suspected terrorists have been arrested in many countries. ” “We’ve intensified security at the borders and ports of entry, posted more than 50,000 newly-trained federal screeners in airports,” “Our government must have the very best information possible, and we will use it to make sure the right people are in the right place to protect all our citizens. ”

LINK [8] Newsweek, June 14, 2004, p. 69.

LINK [9] International Herald Tribune, May 31, 2004.

LINK [10] Financial Times, March 14, 2004.

LINK [11] Asahi Weekly Magazine AERA (in Japanese), Aug. 4, 2003, p. 34.

LINK [12] A survey indicates that a sizable number of Americans believe that we shall give up personal freedoms to ensure security. For example, 49% of people surveyed said the First Amendment which guarantees freedom of speech, religion, the press, assembly, and petition goes too far in the rights, compared to 22% in 2000, 39% in 2001. The survey was conducted since 1997 by the Center for Survey Research & Analysis at the University of Connecticut. http://www.freedomforum.org, Aug. 29, 2002.

LINK [13] For instance, The Syrian Arab Republic renewed its call for holding of an international conference within the United Nations framework to establish a definition of terrorism and to distinguish it from the right of people to engage in legitimate struggle against foreign occupation. (“United Nations General Assembly A/59/210”)

LINK [14] International Herald Tribune, Editorials and Commentary, Feb. 18, 2004.

LINK [15] Time, Nov. 1, 2004, p. 30.

LINK [16] These points have been pointed out by many experts and international prominent figures such as secretarygeneral of United Nations, Kofi Anan, or the president of African Union, Joaquim Chissano. See, for instance, International Herald Tribune, May 8-9, 2004.

LINK [17] Weapon-swap for cash is not always effective to address the root-cause of conflicts. Financial Times reported that arms dealers took advantage of the Iraqi interim government’s groundbreaking disarmament scheme. (October 19, 2004)

LINK [18] Time, Nov. 1, 2004, p. 33.

LINK [19] Joseph S. Nye, The Paradox of American Power, New York, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 9.

LINK [20] Joseph S. Nye, The Paradox of American Power, New York, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 69. Nye invented the term “soft power. ”

LINK [21] The Pew Research Center conducted a survey on March 16, 2004 and announced its summary. There are some noticeable findings. For instance, rating of the U. S. favorability dropped drastically from 2002 to 2004: France (37% from 63%), Germany (38% from 61%), Britain (58% from 75%), and rating of suicide bombings justifiable is high in Muslim countries: Jordan (70%), Morocco (66%), Pakistan (46%).

LINK [22] 48% of voters voted for the challenger, John Kerry compared with voting rate for Bush, 52%.

LINK [23] Edward. H. Carr, The twenty Years’ Crisis 1919-1939, London, Macmillan, 1946, p. 125.